Education in Canada

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Education in
Canada

Educational oversight

Provincial &
Territorial
Ministers of Education:

List of Ministers

AB: Dave
Hancock[1]
BC: Margaret
MacDiarmid[2]
MB: Nancy
Allan[3]
NB: Roland Haché[4]
NL: Darin
King[5]
NS: Marilyn More[6]
NWT: Jackson
Lafferty[7]
NU: Louis
Tapardjuk[8]
ON: Leona
Dombrowsky[9]
PEI: Doug
Currie[10]
QC: Michelle
Courchesne[11]
SK: Ken
Krawetz[12]
YK: Patrick Rouble[13]

National education budget
(2002)

Budget:

3.6% of GDP‡[14]

Per Student:

US$6,482[14]

General Details

Primary Languages:

English, French

System Type:

Provincially Controlled

Literacy

Male:

99%[15]

Female:

99%[15]

Attainment

Secondary
diploma

76.1%[16]

Post-secondary
diploma

53.4%[16]

‡ Includes
primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education.

v • d • e

Education in Canada has public education
provided, funded and overseen by federal, provincial, and local governments.[citation
needed] Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the
curriculum is overseen by the province.[17]
Education in Canada is generally divided into primary education,
followed by secondary education and post-secondary. Within the provinces under
the ministry of education, there are district school boards administering the
educational programs.[18]
Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada, except
for Ontario and New Brunswick, where the compulsory age is 18. In some provinces
early leaving exemptions can be granted under certain circumstances at 14.
Canada generally has 190 school days in the year, officially starting from
September (after Labour Day) to the end
of June (usually the last Friday of the month, except in some cases in Quebec
when it is just before June 24 – the provincial holiday).

Contents

1 Canada-wide

1.1 Divisions by religion
and language

1.2 Length of
study

1.3 Authorities

2 Pre-university

3 Post-secondary
education

4 Private schools

4.1 Private
Universities

5 Religious
schools

5.1 History of religious
schools

6 Residential School
System

7 Levels in
education

7.1 Canada outside
Quebec

7.2 Quebec

7.3 Grade structure by
province

8 Provincial and Territorial
Departments and Ministries

9 See also

10 Footnotes

11 References

12 External
links

[edit]
Canada-wide

1950 Canadian School Train. Pupils attend classes
at Nemegos near Chapleau,
Ontario.

Elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education in Canada is a provincial
responsibility and there are many variations between the provinces. Some
educational fields are supported at various levels by federal departments. The
Department of Indian
and Northern Affairs Canada is responsible for the education of First
Nations.[19][20]
Vocational training can be subsidized by the Learning branch of Human Resources
and Skills Development Canada (a federal department).[21][22]
[23]
Junior Kindergarten (or equivalent) as an official program exists only in
Ontario currently. Kindergarten (or its equivalent) is available in every
province, but provincial funding, and the number of hours provided varies
widely. Starting at grade one, at age six or seven, there is universal publicly
funded access up to grade twelve (or equivalent). Dependent on the province the
age of mandatory entry is at 4–7 years. Children are required to attend school
until the age of sixteen (eighteen in Ontario and New Brunswick). About one out
of ten Canadians does not have a high school diploma – one in seven has a
university degree – the adult population that is without a high school
diploma is a combination of both immigrant and Canadian-born. In many places,
publicly-funded high school courses are offered to the adult population. The
ratio of high school graduates versus non diploma-holders is changing rapidly,
partly due to changes in the labour market that require people to have a high
school diploma and, in many cases, a university degree.

Canada spends about 7% of its GDP on education.
Since the adoption of section
23 of the Constitution Act,
1982, education in both English and French has been
available in most places across Canada (if the population of children speaking
the minority language justifies it), although French Second Language
education/French Immersion is available to anglophone students across Canada.
According to an announcement of Canadian Minister of Citizenship and
Immigration, Canada is introducing a new, fast-track system to let foreign
students and graduates with Canadian work experience become permanent eligible
residents in Canada.[24]

Most schools have introduced one or more initiatives such as programs in
Native studies, antiracism, Aboriginal cultures and crafts; visits by elders and
other community members; and content in areas like indigenous languages,
Aboriginal spirituality, indigenous knowledge of nature, and tours to indigenous
heritage sites.[25]
Although these classes are offered, most appear to be limited by the area or
region in which students reside. "The curriculum is designed to elicit
development and quality of people's cognition through the guiding of
accommodations of individuals to their natural environment and their changing
social order"[26]
Finally, "some scholars view academics as a form of "soft power" helping to
educate and to create positive attitudes."[27]
Furthermore, "subjects that typically get assessed (i.e., language arts,
mathematics, and science) assume greater importance than non-assessed subjects
(i.e., music, visual arts, and physical education) or facets of the curriculum
(i.e., reading and writing versus speaking and listening)."[28]
The students in the Canadian school system receive a variety of classes that are
offered to them. The system is set up to meet the diverse needs of the
individual student.

[edit]
Divisions by
religion and language

Originally all the provinces had educational systems divided by religion, but
most provinces have abolished these. Ontario, Alberta, the Northwest
Territories, and certain cities in Saskatchewan are exceptions
to this, as they still maintain publicly-funded Separate district school
boards (usually Catholic but occasionally Protestant). In Quebec, the Catholic/Protestant
divide was replaced with a French/English one in 1998. Quebecers must attend a
French School up until the end of high school unless one of their parents
previously attended an English-language school somewhere in Canada (immigrants
from other countries cannot use this exception).

[edit]
Length of study

Most Canadian education systems continue up to grade twelve (age seventeen to
eighteen). In Quebec, the typical high school
term ends after Secondary V/Grade eleven (age sixteen to seventeen); following
this, students who wish to pursue their studies to the university level have to
attend college.
Ontario High school; grade 9-12 leave when 17. Students than have the
opportunity to attend College OR University.

[edit]
Authorities

Normally, for each type of publicly funded school (such as Public English or
Public French), the province is divided into districts (or divisions). For each
district, board members (trustees) are elected only by its supporters within the
district (voters receive a ballot for just one of the boards in their area).
Normally, all publicly funded schools are under the authority of their local
district school board. These school boards would follow a common curriculum set
up by the province the board resides in. Only Alberta allows public charter schools,
which are independent of any district board. Instead, they each have their own
board, which reports directly to the province.

[edit]
Pre-university

Primary education and
secondary education
combined are sometimes referred to as K-12 (Kindergarten through Grade 12). It
should be noted that this structure can vary from school to school, and from
province to province. For instance, Prince Edward Island is the only province
that does not provide Kindergarten. In contrast, Ontario is the only province
which provides two levels of Kindergarten (Junior and Senior).

In Canada, secondary schooling,
known as high school or collegiate
institute or "école secondaire" or secondary school, differs
depending on the province in which one resides. Additionally, grade structure
may vary within a province and even within a school division. Education is
compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada, except for Ontario
and New Brunswick (where the compulsory ages are 18). Students may continue to
attend high school until the ages of 19 to 21 (the cut-off age for high school
varies between province). Those 19 and over may attend adult school. Also if
high schoolers are expelled or suspended for a period of time over 2 months or
so they could attend night school at the high school.

In Calgary Alberta Bishop Carroll High School has a system that is more like
university specifically graduate school. At Bishop Carroll students do not
attend classes like in many other high schools. They instead attended lectures
and work at their own pace to achieve units. Each course as a set number of
units which the student has to attain in order to get credit.

Ontario had a "Grade 13" known as Ontario Academic
Credit (OAC) year, but this was abolished by the provincial government to
cut costs. OAC was last offered for the 2002-2003 school year. As a result, the
curriculum has been compacted, and the more difficult subjects, such as
mathematics, are comparatively harder than before. However, the system is now
approximately equivalent to what has been the case outside of Quebec and Ontario
for many years. Secondary education in Quebec continues to Grade 11 (Secondary
V), and is typically followed by college, a two year pre-university (university
for Quebecers is three years, except Engineering), or three year vocational
program program taken after high school. (see Education in
Quebec).

An increasing number of international students are attending pre-university
courses at Canadian high schools like Columbia
International College which has an enrollment of over 1,300 students from
all over the world.

[edit]
Post-secondary
education

See also: List of
universities in Canada and Group
of Thirteen (Canadian universities)

This section does not cite any
references or
sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed.
(March 2010)

Canadian university enrollment in various subjects
- 2005/2006 [29]

Post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the
individual provinces and territories. Those governments provide the majority of
funding to their public post-secondary institutions, with the remainder of
funding coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and research grants.
Compared to other countries in the past, Canada has had the highest tertiary
school enrollment as a percentage of their graduating population.

Nearly all post-secondary institutions in Canada have the authority to grant
academic credentials (i.e., diplomas or degrees). Generally speaking,
universities grant degrees (e.g., bachelor's, master's or doctorate degrees)
while colleges, which typically offer vocationally-oriented programs, grant
diplomas and certificates. However, some colleges offer applied arts degrees
that lead to or are equivalent to degrees from a university. Private career
colleges are overseen by legislative acts for each province, For example in
British Columbia training providers will be registered and accredited with the
(PCTIA) Private Career Training Institutions Agency regulated under the Private
Career Training Institutions Act (SBC 2003) [30]
Each province with their own correlating agency. Unlike the United States, there
is no "accreditation body" that oversees the universities in Canada.
Universities in Canada have degree-granting authority via an Act or Ministerial
Consent from the Ministry of Education of the particular province.

Post-secondary education in Quebec begins with college following graduation
from Grade 11 (or Secondary V). Students complete a two- or three-year general
program leading to admission to a university, or a professional program leading
directly into the labour force. In most cases, bachelor's degree programs in
Quebec are three years instead of the usual four; however, in many cases,
students attending a university in Quebec that did not graduate from college
must complete an additional year of coursework. When Ontario had five years of
high school, a three-year bachelor's degree
was common, but these degrees are being phased out in favour of the four-year
degree.

The main variation between the provinces, with respect to universities, is
the amount of funding they receive. Universities in Quebec receive the most
funding and have the lowest tuitions. Universities in Atlantic Canada
generally receive the least funding and some, like Acadia University, are
almost wholly reliant on private funding.

The Royal
Military College of Canada (RMC), is the military academy of the
Canadian Forces and is a
full degree-granting university. RMC is the only federal institution with degree
granting powers.

[edit]
Private schools

This section does not cite any
references or
sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed.
(March 2010)

About 8% of students are in private schools[citation
needed]. A minority of these are elite private schools. These
schools are attended by only a small fraction of students, but do have a great
deal of prestige and prominence. It is not unusual for the wealthy and prominent
in Canada to send their children to public schools, especially in the lower
grades. A far larger portion of private schools are religious based
institutions. Private schools are also used to study outside the country. For
example, Canadian College Italy has an Ontario curriculum, but the students
study in Italy.

Private schools have historically been less common on the Canadian Prairies
and were often forbidden under municipal and provincial statutes enacted to
provide equality of education to students regardless of family income. This is
especially true in Alberta, where successive Social Credit (or populist
conservative) governments denounced the concept of private education as the main
cause of denial of opportunity to the children of the working poor. These rules
lasted longer than Social Credit; it was only in 1989 that private K-12 schools
were allowed to operate inside the boundaries of the City of Calgary.

[edit]
Private Universities

This section does not cite any
references or
sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable
sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed.
(March 2010)

In the past, private universities in Canada maintained a religious history or
foundation. Although since 1999, the Province of New Brunswick passed the Degree
Granting Act [1] allowing
private universities to operate in the Province.[31][32]
The University of Fredericton is the newest University to receive
designation in New Brunswick.

In 2002, British Columbia’s Quest University became
the first privately funded liberal arts university
without a denominational affiliation (although it is not the first private
liberal arts university). Many provinces, including Ontario and Alberta, have
passed legislation allowing private degree-granting institutions (not
necessarily universities) to operate there.

Many Canadians remain polarized on the issue of permitting private
universities into the Canadian market. On the one hand, Canada’s top
universities find it difficult to compete with the private American powerhouses
because of funding, but on the other hand, the fact that the price of private
universities tends to exclude those who cannot pay that much for their education
could prevent a significant portion of Canada’s population from being able to
attend these schools.

[edit]
Religious schools

Each province deals differently with private religious schools. In Ontario
the Catholic system continues to be fully publicly funded while other faiths are
not. Ontario has several private Jewish, Muslim, and Christian schools all
funded through tuition fees. Since the Catholic schools system is entrenched in
the constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that this system is
constitutional. However, the United Nations Human Rights
Committee has ruled that Ontario's system is discriminatory, suggesting that
Ontario either fund no faith-based schools, or all of them.[33]
In 2002 the government of Mike Harris introduced a
controversial program to partially fund all private schools, but this was
criticized for undermining the public education system and the program was
eliminated after the Liberals won the 2003 provincial election.

In other provinces privately operated religious schools are funded. In
British Columbia the government pays 50% of the cost of religious schools that
meet rigorous provincial standards. The province has a number of Sikh, Hindu,
Christian, and Muslim schools. Alberta also has a network of charter schools,
which are fully funded schools offering distinct approaches to education within
the public school system. Alberta charter schools are not private and the
province does not grant charters to religious schools. These schools have to
follow the provincial curriculum and meet all standards, but are given
considerable freedom in other areas. In all other provinces private religious
schools receive some funding, but not as much as the public system.

An example of how schools can be divided by religions in Toronto includes the Toronto
Catholic District School Board and Toronto
District School Board.

[edit]
History of religious
schools

The role of religion in Canadian education has been controversial for
centuries. The first schools in New France were operated by
the church. In the early nineteenth century the colonial governments moved to
set up publicly funded education systems. However, soon religious divisions
became problematic. At the time religious study was considered an integral part
of education, but Protestants and Catholics were deeply divided over how this
education should be delivered. In Upper Canada the Catholic minority rejected
the Protestant practice of Biblical study in schools, while in Lower Canada the
Protestant minority objected to the education system instilling Roman Catholic
dogma. Thus in both these areas two schools systems were established, a Catholic
and a Protestant. Upon Confederation
these schools systems were enshrined in the British North America
Act, 1867.

In the three Maritime provinces, schools were mainly Protestant, and a single
Protestant oriented school system was established in each of them. In Newfoundland
there was not only the Catholic/Protestant split, but also deep divisions
between Protestant sects, and nine separate schools systems were set up, one
catering to each major denomination. Eventually the major Protestant boards
merged into an integrated school system. The three Prairie provinces adopted a
system based on Ontario's with a dominant Protestant system, and smaller
Catholic ones. In 1891, however Manitoba moved to eliminate the
Catholic board, sparking the Manitoba Schools
Question. Eventually the Catholic school system in that province was merged
with the Protestant one. British Columbia established a non-sectarian school
system in 1872.

Over time, the originally Protestant school boards of English Canada, known
as the public schools, became increasingly secularized as Canadians came to
believe in the separation of
Church and state, and the main boards became secular ones. In Ontario all
overt religiosity was removed from the public school system in 1990. In two
provinces the sectarian education systems have recently been eliminated through
constitutional change. Newfoundland and Labrador eliminated its
tri-denominational Catholic-Protestant-Pentecostal system after two referendums.
In Quebec the Catholic/Protestant divide was replaced with a French
language/English language one.

[edit]
Residential School
System

The Canadian
residential school system consisted of a number of schools for Aboriginal
children, operated during the 20th century by churches of various
denominations (about sixty per cent by Roman
Catholics, and thirty per cent by the Protestants) and funded under
the Indian Act by Indian
and Northern Affairs Canada, a branch of the federal government. The
schools' purpose was, according to the Indian Act, to "civilize" aboriginals,
teach them English or French, convert them to Christianity, and end their
traditional ways of life.

A great number of First Nation, Métis and Inuit students
suffered sexual abuse and cultural assimilation in the residential school
system. The incidents mark one of the greatest cultural tragedies in Canadian
history.

[edit]
Levels in education

[edit]
Canada outside
Quebec

As the education system in Canada is managed by the varying provincial
governments in Canada, the way the educational stages are grouped and named may
differ from each region. For example, the Ministry of Education in Nova Scotia
refers to Kindergarten as Grade Primary.[34]
Also, opposed to their French designations in Quebec, Junior Kindergarten and
Kindergarten in Ontario are called Maternelle and CPE Centre de la
Petite Enfance in French.[35]
Students in the Prairie provinces are not required by statute to attend
kindergarten. As a result, kindergarten is not often available in smaller towns.
The ages are the age of the students when they end the school year in June.

Early childhood
education

Junior Kindergarten (ages 4–5) (Ontario only)[36]

Kindergarten (ages 5–6)

Elementary
education

Grade 1 (ages 6–7)

Grade 2 (ages 7–8)

Grade 3 (ages 8–9)

Grade 4 (ages 9–10)

Grade 5 (ages 10–11)

Grade 6 (ages 11–12)

Grade 7 (ages 12–13)

Grade 8 (ages 13–14)

Secondary
education

Grade 9 (ages 14–15)

Grade 10 (ages 15–16)

Grade 11 (ages 16–17)

Grade 12 (ages 17–18)

Grade 12+ (ages 18+) (Ontario only)b

Tertiary education

College: In Canada, the term college usually refers to a community
college or a technical, applied arts, or applied science school. These are
post-secondary institutions granting certificates, diplomas, associates degree,
and bachelor's
degrees.

University: A university is an institution of higher education and
research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A
university is a corporation that provides both undergraduate education and
postgraduate education.

Graduate school: A graduate school is a school that awards advanced
academic degrees (i.e. master's degree, Ph.D.)

[edit]
Quebec

garderie (Pre-school); Under 5

maternelle (Kindergarten); 5-6

école primaire (literally Primary school, equivalent to
Elementary School or Grade School)

Grade 1; 6-7

Grade 2; 7-8

Grade 3; 8-9

Grade 4; 9-10

Grade 5; 10-11

Grade 6; 11-12

école secondaire (literally Secondary school, or High
School)

Secondary I; 12-13

Secondary II; 13-14

Secondary III; 14-15

Secondary IV; 15-16

Secondary V; 16-17

Secondaries I-V are equivalent to grades 7-11. In most English High Schools,
the different terms are used interchangeably. In some English High Schools, as
well as in most French schools, high school students will refer to secondary 1-5
as year one through five. So if someone in Secondary three is asked "what
grade/year are you in?" they will reply "three" or "sec 3". It is presumed that
the person asking the question knows that they are not referring to "Grade 3"
but rather "Secondary 3". This can however be confusing for those outside of
Quebec who are asking the question.

College or CEGEP

Pre-university program, two years (typically Social Sciences, Natural
Sciences or Arts)

Professional program, three years (e.g. Paralegal, Dental Hygienist,
Nursing, etc.)

University (Must have a
Diploma of College Studies (DCS (DEC in French) or equivalent)

Undergraduate

Three of four years leading to a Bachelor's
degree. Non-Quebec students require an extra year to complete the same
degree because of the extra year in college.

Graduate (or postgraduate)

One or two years leading to a Master's
degree.

three or more years leading to a Doctoral
degree.

English schools in Quebec have the same grade system as French schools, but
with English names. For example, "elementary school" is not called "école
primaire" in an English school, but has the same grade system.

[edit]
Grade structure by
province

The following table shows how grades are organized in various provinces.
Often, there will be exceptions within each province, both with terminology for
groups, and which grades apply to each group.

Alberta
(source)

Elementary

Junior High

Senior High

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

British
Columbia
(source)

Elementary

Junior Secondary

Senior Secondary

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Manitoba
(source)

Early

Junior High

Senior

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

New Brunswick
(source)

Elementary

Middle School

High School

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Newfoundland
and Labrador
(source)

Primary

Elementary

Intermediate

Senior High

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Level I

Level II

Level III

Northwest
Territories
(source)

Primary

Intermediate

Junior Secondary

Senior Secondary

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Nova Scotia
(source)

Elementary

Middle School

High School

Primary

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Ontario
(source)

Elementary

Secondary

Junior Kindergarten

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

PEI
(source)

Elementary

Intermediate School

Senior High

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Quebec

Primary School

Secondary School

College

Garderie

Maternelle

1

2

3

4

5

6

Sec I

Sec II

Sec III

Sec IV

Sec V

first

second

third

Saskatchewan
(source)

Elementary Level

Middle Level

Secondary Level

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Yukon
(source)

Elementary

Junior Secondary

Senior Secondary

Kindergarten

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Notes:

In British Columbia some schools may group together the higher Elementary
and lower Secondary Grades. These schools are referred to as Middle Schools or
Jr. Secondary Schools. Some Elementary Schools consist solely of grades K-5.
Likewise, some Secondary Schools may only have grades 11 and 12. In addition,
some school districts may use just elementary (K-7) and secondary (8-12)
schools. British Columbia informally subcategorizes the Elementary level into
"Primary" (K-3) and "Intermediate" (4-6 or 7), with students often switching
elementary schools after grade 3.

In Manitoba, 9th grade-12th grade was briefly referred to as Senior
1-Senior 4; this practice ended in the 2007-08 school year.

In Nova Scotia the terms for groups, and grades they apply to varies
significantly throughout the province. A common, but not universal,
organization is shown.

In Quebec college is two or three years, depending on what a student
selects, based usually on what their post-secondary plans are. College in
Quebec overlaps what other provinces consider the boundary between secondary
education (high school) and post-secondary education (college and university).
"Sec I" = "Secondary Year One" = "Grade 7"

In Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, schools are now set up as
elementary schools with grades K-5, middle schools with grades 6-8, and high
schools with grades 9-12. However, high school graduation requirements only
include courses taken in grades 10-12.

[edit]
Provincial and Territorial Departments and
Ministries

Provincial and Territorial Departments and Ministries

Provincial Education(Wikipedia)

Provincial Department Or Ministry(External Link)

Education in
Alberta

Alberta Education

Education
in British Columbia

Ministry of Education

Education
in Manitoba

Ministry of Education

Education
in New Brunswick

Ministry of Education

Education
in Newfoundland and Labrador

Ministry of Education

Education
in Northwest Territories

Department of Education, Culture and Employment

Education
in Nova Scotia

Department of Education

Education
in Nunavut

Department of Education

Education in
Ontario

Ministry of Education

Education
in Prince Edward Island

Department
of Education

Education in
Quebec

Ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport

Education in
Saskatchewan

Ministry of Education

Education
in Yukon

Department of Education, Culture and
Employment

[37][38]

[edit]
See also

Canada
portal

Education
portal

Book:Canada

Books are
collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in
print.

Canada Book Day

Canadian
Education Association

Education
in the United States

Education in
Québec

Education in
Alberta

University
and college admissions

List
of Canada-accredited schools abroad

List of
universities in Canada

List of
colleges in Canada

Alberta charter
schools - Currently, this is the only province to have charter schools (Alberta Diploma
Exam)

Ontario rubric

Higher
education in Canada

Higher
education in Quebec

Higher
education in Ontario

Higher
education in Nova Scotia

[edit]
Footnotes

^a
- Intermediate education may also include the grades 6 and 10, depending on
the province. Similarly, some regions may have Grade 9 as the first year of
high school.

^b
- In Ontario, a student may take up additional years of secondary education,
commonly known as a victory lap.
There is no legal age or time constraint against victory lapping, with
"victory lappers" composing on average of 4% of all students enrolled in
Ontario secondary schools each year.[39]
Many see this as a result of the phasing out of the OAC year.[40]

[edit]
References

^
"Alberta Education — Meet the Minister". Government of
Alberta. http://education.alberta.ca/department/about/minister.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-25.

^
"Minister of
Education — Province of British Columbia". Government of British
Columbia. http://www.gov.bc.ca/bced/minister.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25.

^
"Minister's
Welcome — Manitoba Education". Government of Saskatchewan. http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/edu/minister_edu.html. Retrieved 2010-02-25.

^
"Roland Haché bio". Government of New Brunswick. http://www1.gnb.ca/legis/bios1/bio-e.asp?idNo=98&version=e. Retrieved 2010-02-25.

^
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[edit]
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