Ancient philosophy

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History of
Western philosophy

Pre-Socratic · Ancient
Medieval · Renaissance · Modern
Contemporary
17th · 18th · 19th · 20th Century
Religious philosophy
Christian · Jewish  · Islamic

See also

Eastern philosophy
Babylonian · Indian · Iranian
Chinese · Japanese · Korean

Western culture · Western world

v • d • e

This page lists some links to ancient philosophy. In Western philosophy, the spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire marked the end of Hellenistic philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of Medieval philosophy, whereas in Eastern philosophy, the spread of Islam through the Arab Empire marked the end of Old Iranian philosophy and ushered in the beginnings of early Islamic philosophy.

Contents

1 Ancient Western philosophy

2 Ancient Greek philosophy

2.1 Presocratic philosophers

2.1.1 Classical Greek philosophers

2.1.2 Hellenistic philosophy

2.1.3 Hellenistic schools of thought

3 Ancient American faith/religion and philosophy

4 Egypt and Africa religious philosophy

5 Other European philosophies/religions

6 Ancient Iranian philosophy

7 Ancient Mesopotamian and arabian sources

8 Ancient Turkic sources

9 Early Roman philosophy and christianity

9.1 Philosophers during Roman times

10 Asia and East

10.1 Indian philosophy

10.1.1 Vedic philosophy

10.1.2 Sramana Philosophy

10.1.3 Classical Indian philosophy

10.1.4 Ancient Indian philosophers

11 Oceania/Australia

12 Far East/Asia

12.1 Chinese philosophy

12.2 Buddhism

12.3 See also

12.4 External links

[edit] Ancient Western philosophy

[edit] Ancient Greek philosophy

See also: Religion in ancient Greece, Greek mythology

Greece location

Zeus

Presocratic philosophers

Raphael's School of Athens, depicting an array of ancient Greek philosophers engaged in discussion.

[edit] Presocratic philosophers

Milesian School

Thales (624 BC–ca. 546 BC)

Anaximander (610-546 BC)

Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585-c. 525 BC)

Pythagoreans

Pythagoras (582-496 BC)

Philolaus (470-380 BC)

Alcmaeon of Croton

Archytas (428-347 BC)

Heraclitus (535-475 BC)

Eleatic School

Xenophanes (570-470 BC)

Parmenides (510-440 BC)

Zeno of Elea (490-430 BC)

Melissus of Samos (c 470 BC–unknown)

Pluralists

Empedocles (490-430 BC)

Anaxagoras (500-428 BC)

Atomists

Leucippus (first half of 5th century BC)

Democritus (460-370 BC)

Metrodorus of Chios (4th century BC)

Pherecydes of Syros (6th century BC)

Sophists

Protagoras (490-420 BC)

Gorgias (487-376 BC)

Antiphon (480-411 BC)

Prodicus (465/450-after 399 BC)

Hippias (middle of the 5th century BC)

Thrasymachus (459-400 BC)

Callicles

Critias

Lycophron

Diogenes of Apollonia (c. 460 BC-unknown)

[edit] Classical Greek philosophers

Socrates (469-399 BC)

Euclid of Megara (450-380 BC)

Antisthenes (445-360 BC)

Aristippus (435-356 BC)

Plato (428-347 BC)

Speusippus (407-339 BC)

Diogenes of Sinope (400-325 BC)

Xenocrates (396-314 BC)

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Stilpo (380-300 BC)

Theophrastus (370-288 BC)

[edit] Hellenistic philosophy

Pyrrho (365-275 BC)

Epicurus (341-270 BC), see: Epicureanism

Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) (331–278 BC)

Zeno of Citium (333-263 BC)

Cleanthes (331-232 BC)

Timon (320-230 BC)

Arcesilaus (316-232 BC)

Menippus (3rd century BC)

Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC)

Chrysippus (280-207 BC)

Carneades (214-129 BC)

Clitomachus (187-109 BC)

Metrodorus of Stratonicea (late 2nd century BC)

Philo of Larissa (160-80 BC)

Posidonius (135-51 BC)

Antiochus of Ascalon (130-68 BC)

Aenesidemus (1st century BC)

Philo of Alexandria (30 BC–45 AD)

Agrippa (1st century AD)

[edit] Hellenistic schools of thought

Egypt, Sun-(demi)god Ra

Celts location

Slavic culture

Cynicism

Hedonism

Eclecticism

Neo-Platonism

Skepticism

Stoicism

Sophism

[edit] Ancient American faith/religion and philosophy

Maya mythology, Maya religion, Religion in the Inca Empire, Inca mythology, Aztec mythology, Aztec religion, Aztec philosophy

[edit] Egypt and Africa religious philosophy

Ancient Egyptian religion

Moses

[edit] Other European philosophies/religions

Celtic: Celtic polytheism, Celtic mythology

Slavic: Slavic mythology

[edit] Ancient Iranian philosophy

Zoroaster

Main article: Iranian philosophy

See also: Dualism, Dualism (philosophy of mind), Persian mythology

While there are ancient relations between the Indian Vedas and the Iranian Avesta, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view on the role of man in the universe. The first charter of human rights by Cyrus the Great is widely seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by Zarathustra and developed in Zoroastrian schools of thought.

Zoroastrianism

Zarathustra

Avesta

Gathas

Mazdakism

Mazdak

Mazdak the Elder

Manichaeism

Mani

Zurvanism

University of Gundishapur

Borzouye

Bakhtshooa Gondishapuri

Emperor Khosrau's philosophical discourses

Paul the Persian

Pahlavi literature

[edit] Ancient Mesopotamian and arabian sources

Mesopotamian mythology

Arabian mythology

[edit] Ancient Turkic sources

Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples

[edit] Early Roman philosophy and christianity

See also: Judaism, Torah, Jewish philosophy, Religion in ancient Rome, Roman mythology, Jesus, Bible, Christian philosophy

Jesus Christ

Moses

Abrahamic religions

[edit] Philosophers during Roman times

Plotinus

Cicero (106-43 BC)

Lucretius (94-55 BC)

Seneca (4 BC–65 AD)

Musonius Rufus (30 AD–100 AD)

Plutarch (45-120 AD)

Epictetus (55-135 AD)

Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD)

Clement of Alexandria (150-215 AD)

Alcinous (philosopher) (2nd century AD)

Sextus Empiricus (3rd century AD)

Alexander of Aphrodisias (3rd century AD)

Ammonius Saccas (3rd century AD)

Plotinus (205-270 AD)

Porphyry (232-304 AD)

Iamblichus (242-327 AD)

Themistius (317-388 AD)

Augustine of Hippo (354-430 AD)

Proclus (411-485 AD)

Philoponus of Alexandria (490-570 AD)

Damascius (462-540 AD)

Boethius (472-524 AD)

Simplicius of Cilicia (490-560 AD)

[edit] Asia and East

List of Asian mythologies

[edit] Indian philosophy

Main article: Indian philosophy

The ancient Indian philosophy is a fusion of two ancient traditions : Sramana tradition and Vedic tradition.

[edit] Vedic philosophy

Veda Vyasa (contemporary painting) attributed to have compiled the Vedas

Indian philosophy begins with the Vedas where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous Rigvedic Hymn of Creation the poet says:

"Whence all creation had its origin, he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not, he, who surveys it all from highest heaven, he knows--or maybe even he does not know."

In the Vedic view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (Purusha). This leads to the inquiry into the one being that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed rta and causal law by karma. Nature (prakriti) is taken to have three qualities (sattva, rajas, and tamas).

Vedas

Upanishads

Hindu philosophy

[edit] Sramana Philosophy

Main articles: Jain philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Sramana

Jainism and Buddhism are continuation of the Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa.

[edit] Classical Indian philosophy

In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:

What is the ontological nature of consciousness?

How is cognition itself experienced?

Is mind (chit) intentional or not?

Does cognition have its own structure?

The Six schools of Indian philosophy are:

Nyaya

Vaisheshika

Samkhya

Yoga

Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa)

Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa)

Other traditions of Indian philosophy include:

Hindu philosophy

Buddhist philosophy

Jain philosophy

Sikh philosophy

Cārvāka (atheist) philosophy

[edit] Ancient Indian philosophers

Asanga (c. 300), exponent of the Yogacara

Bhartrihari (c 450–510 AD), early figure in Indic linguistic theory

Bodhidharma (c. 440–528 AD), founder of the Zen school of Buddhism

Chanakya (c.350 - c.275 BC), author of Arthashastra, professor (acharya) of political science at the Takshashila University

Dignāga (c. 500), one of the founders of Buddhist school of Indian logic.

Gautama Buddha (563 BC - 483 BC), founder of Buddhist school of thought

Gotama (c. 2nd–3rd century AD), wrote the Nyaya Sutras, considered to be the foundation of the Nyaya school.

Haribhadra (8th Century CE), a Jaina thinker, author and great proponent of anekāntavāda and classical yoga, as a soteriological system of meditation in Jaina context. His works include Ṣaḍdarśanasamuccaya and Yogabindu.

Hemacandra (1089–1172 CE) - a Jaina thinker, author, historian, grammarian and logician. His works include Yogaśāstra and Trishashthishalakapurushacharitra.

Jaimini, author of Purva Mimamsa Sutras

Kanada (c. 600 BC), founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika, gave theory of atomism

Kapila (c. 500 BC), proponent of the Samkhya system of philosophy

Kundakunda (2nd Century CE), exponent of Jain mysticism and Jain nayas dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of Pañcāstikāyasāra (Essence of the Five Existents), the Pravacanasāra (Essence of the Scripture) and the Samayasāra (Essence of the Doctrine)

Lonkā (15th century CE) – His opposition to idol worship and rituals eventually led to establishment of non-iconic sects of Sthanakvasi and Terapanthi.

Nagarjuna (c. 150 - 250 AD), the founder of the Madhyamaka (Middle Path) school of Mahāyāna Buddhism.

Pāṇini (520–460 BC), grammarian, author of Ashtadhyayi

Patañjali (between 200 BC and 400 AD), developed the philosophy of Raja Yoga in his Yoga Sutras.

Pingala (c. 500 BC), author of the Chandas shastra

Adi Shankara (788-820 AD), the first philosopher to consolidate the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta

Siddhasena Divākara (5th Century CE), Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as, Nyāyāvatāra (on Logic) and Sanmatisūtra (dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge)

Syntipas (c. 100 BC), author of The Story of the Seven Wise Masters.

Tiruvalluvar (between 100 BC and 300 AD), author of Thirukkural, one of the greatest ethical works in Tamil language

Umāsvāti or Umasvami (2nd Century CE), author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, Tattvārthasūtra, expounding the Jain philosophy in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.

Vasubandhu (c. 300 AD), one of the main founders of the Indian Yogacara school.

Vyasa (c. 3000 BC), author of several important works in Hindu philosophy

Yajnavalkya (Prehistoric), linked to philosophical teachings of the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad, and the apophatic teaching of 'neti neti' etc.

Yaśovijaya Gaṇi (1624–88 CE) – Jain logician and considered last intellectual giant to contribute to Jaina philosophy.

[edit] Oceania/Australia

Balinese mythology

Australian Aboriginal mythology

Philippine mythology

Anito

Gabâ

Kulam

[edit] Far East/Asia

Japanese mythology

Korean mythology

Shinto

Oomoto

[edit] Chinese philosophy

Main article: Chinese philosophy

In China, less emphasis was put upon materialism as a basis for reflecting upon the world and more emphasis was put on conduct, manners and social behaviour, as evidenced by Taoism and Confucianism.

Taoism

Lao Tzu

Chuang Tzu

Confucianism

Confucius

Chinese mythology, Chinese folk religion,

[edit] Buddhism

Buddha

Buddha, Buddhist philosophy

Timeline: Development and propagation of Buddhist traditions (ca. 450 BCE – ca. 1300 CE)

| | | | | | | | | | |
| 450 BCE | 250 BCE | 100 CE | 500 CE | 700 CE | 800 CE | 1200 CE

India

Early
Sangha

Early Buddhist schools | Mahayana | Vajrayana

Sri Lanka &
Southeast Asia

Theravada Buddhism

Central Asia

Greco-Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism

Silk Road Buddhism

East Asia

Chán, Tendai, Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren

Shingon

| 450 BCE | 250 BCE | 100 CE | 500 CE | 700 CE | 800 CE | 1200 CE

| Legend: | | = Theravada tradition | | = Mahayana traditions | | = Vajrayana traditions

[edit] See also

Religion and mythology

Philosophy of religion

[edit] External links

Internet sources

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Categories: Ancient philosophy | History of philosophy | Philosophy by era

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This page was last modified on 10 November 2010 at 21:01.

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